What Are The Costs Of Domestic Violence - 996 Words

What are the costs of domestic violence? A United Nations report called â€Å"The Economic Costs of Violence Against Women: An Evaluation of the Literature† explores the economic impact on societies. The cost of domestic violence includes direct costs such as medical services, law enforcement, legal expenses, incarceration costs, mental health services, therapy, education and lost property. Social services, government programs and welfare add additional financial burden to the problem. Businesses experience a loss of productivity when people are absent due to injury, incarceration or court (United Nations 6). A 2014 study spearheaded by Jamie Kimble Foundation for Courage aimed to assign a comprehensive cost to the domestic violence problem in North Carolina. Their study concluded that domestic violence costs North Carolina $307,856,298 every year (1). The economic breakdown is shown below: Fig 1.3 Annual Cost of Domestic Violence in North Carolina. (Source: Jamie Kimble Foundation for Courage) It doesn’t end there. There are many indirect connections and tertiary expenses that are often left out of the equation. Workplaces, police departments, government agencies, the military, education systems, medical staff, and private businesses all have training programs in place to deal with domestic violence. Not only does the training itself cost money, but also we reduce productivity when we to take the time and personnel to complete training (Byers). Studies have shown thatShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Public Health Of Domestic Violence847 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact of public health of Domestic Violence in United States. The violence against women is a global health problem of epidemic and unpreventable circumstances. Domestic violence doesn’t have a controlled policy because it can extend into the society with devastating effects on its victims and costs that ripple across the economy. 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Although our way to survive these problems can differ according to our culture, personal experiences and ability to cope, we can affirm that we have a common need to first understand what these difficulties or problems are, in order to learn how to deal with them. Domestic Violence can be view—using Mill’s conceptual vocabulary introduced in his article, as both a personal trouble and a public issue. Individuals make daily choices every day, but their choices are inhibited by theirRead MoreDomestic Violence And Immigrant Women1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe student documentary video regarding domestic violence and immigrant women highlighted a significant health and a human right problem all over the world. Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, male-development, or deprivation† (WHO 2002:4). According

Argumentive Outline Essay - 650 Words

Argumentative Essay Outline Thesis: President Obama is trying to convince the United States that was a whole we set each other apart as a nation. He tries to point out different issues in American and explains new ideas to make the United States better as a strong government. A. Supporting Argument: President Obama addresses the tragedy in Tucson by saying because of this tragedy it made the country focus less on the public debate and reminded us how important we as a whole are and not so much on our personal views and preference. 1. Evidence: â€Å"But there’s a reason the tragedy in Tucson gave us pause. Amid all the noise and passion and rancor of our public debate. Tucson reminded us that no matter who we are or where we come†¦show more content†¦C. Supporting Argument: Obama states that Race to the Top was the best improvement for public schools in a generation. He also said that this idea was created by the Republicans and Democratic and if they continue this approach, Race to the Top ca n replace No Child Left Behind law that former President Bush created. 1. Evidence: â€Å"Race to the Top is the most meaningful reform of our public schools in a generation. For less than 1 percent of what we spend on education each year, it has led over 40 states to raise their standards for teaching and learning. And those standards were developed, by the way, not by Washington, but by the Republican and Democratic governors throughout the country. And Race to the Top should be the approach we follow this year as we replace No Child Left Behind with a law that’s more flexible and focused on what’s best for our kids. (Applause.)† 2. Claim: Obama states that Race to the Top was not just created by the Democratic governors but also by the Republicans. He is trying to convey the republicans to agree his new approach to reform public schools and replace No Child Left Behind that former President Bush made. He is trying to convince President Bush former supporters to agree with his idea and gain their support. 3. Connection: Obama uses errors of omission because by him stating that he wants to replace No Child LeftShow MoreRelatedBases Of Evaluating Essay Writing965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe students say something like â€Å"He is trying to turn in his essay to his professor on time†. He has to prove his point on how he is going to turn his essay in to his professor on time. Another way the student can achieve support is by having an argumentive paragraph in their essay. For example, if the student says they rather have homeschool than go to public school and another student disagrees; they are both are having an argument. Finally the last way for the student to achieve coherence is toRead MoreBases Of Evaluating Essay Writing941 Words   |  4 Pagesthe students say something like: â€Å"He is trying to turn in his essay to his professor on time†. He has to prove his point on how he is going to turn his essay in to his profess or on time. Finally, the student can achieve support is by having an argumentive paragraph in their essay. For example, if the student says they rather have homeschool than go to public school and another student disagrees; they are both are having an argument. Finally, the student has to achieve coherence to have cause and

Extrajudicial Killing in Bangladesh free essay sample

In our country extra judicial killing are mainly occurred by Rapid Action Battalion(RAB)and also other law enforcing agencies like; Police, Ansar ,BGB, Coast Guard . Extra judicial killing is also violation of fundamental human rights. One of fundamental rights is to get proper judgment of law. In this assignment I find how extra judicial killings are occurred by law enforcing agencies of Bangladesh. What is extra judicial killing? Extra judicial killing is unethical, because every man have to right to proper judgment. Extra judicial is that type of killing before the judgment or during judicial process. â€Å"Though there is no legal definition of extra judicial killing, If death is caused by a law enforcement official without following the legal rules or due judicial process, it can be measured extra judicial killing† An extra judicial killing is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process. Extra judicial punishments are by their nature unlawful, since they bypass the due process of the legal jurisdiction in which they occur. Extrajudicial killings often target leading political, trade union, dissident, religious, and social figures and may be carried out by the state government or other state authorities like the armed forces and police. History of extra judicial killing in Bangladesh: From the very begging of Bangladesh’s birth in 1971, different political parties are used their political to impetus the killings by the armed forces and used these forces in â€Å"violation of law to consolidate power and maintain control†. The continuous process became more dangerous in the period of BNP led government, after forming government with three smaller parties jamat-e-islami (which won 4. 3 percent), jatio party naziur(which won 1. 1 percent), islamiokyejote(which won 0. 7 percent),in October 2011. After taking power, to fulfill one electionagenda â€Å"To fight against crime†and to tackle criticism from people. Then developed thirty thousand personal to fight crime under the name of â€Å"Operation Clean-Heart†. Thousands of people were arrested and at least 50 people were reported to be dead under their custody. Due to the failure of the operation, the government then decided to form a elite force group with â€Å"a special unit of police with a commando training called the rapid Action Team, or RAT, which is known as Rapid Action Battalion, or RAB. Law enforcing agencies in Bangladesh: Law enforcing agency which have their ability to apply their powers restricted in some way are said to operate within a jurisdiction. LEAs will have some form of geographic restriction on their ability to apply their powers. The LEA might be able to apply its powers within a country. In Bangladesh law enforcing agencies are: 1. Bangladesh Police 2. Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) 3. Coast Guard 4. Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) 5. Ansar 6. Army 7. Forest Guard 8. Village Defense Police (VDP) Fundamental human rights in Bangladesh constitution: Extra-judicial killing or killing without the due process of law is a popular term. In the ongoing debate this type of killing mostly by members of law-enforcing agencies is being protested nationally and internationally on grounds of violation of human rights. Among many others such rights are guaranteed both by the constitution and by law. Bangladesh is no exception. Despite this, such unconstitutional and unlawful acts do happen in Bangladesh and elsewhere. The relevant members of the law-enforcing agencies are accused of such acts. However, extra-judicial killing has other variants also. Members of the law-enforcing agencies are bound by law to produce the person, accused of an offence, to a competent court of law. This is based on the sound principle that those who are authorized to carry arms or otherwise enjoy the coercive powers of the state do not have the authority to impose punishment not recognized by law. In case of unarmed persons detaining an accused they have to send him to police for necessary action. This is not always the case.. It is least to be expected that all members of Rab are inclined to violate human rights. This applies across the public sector institutions as well as those of non-state actors. Rights are legal, social or ethnical values of freedom or right. And why extra judicial killing is not legal, here given some article of constitution of Bangladesh are given below: 1. Equality before law. (Article-27) 2. Right to protection of law. (Article-31) 3. Protection of right to life and personal liberty. Article-32) 4. Safeguards as to arrest and detention. (Article-33) 5. Protection in respect of trial and punishment. (Article-35) 6. Freedom of movement. (Article-36) 7. Enforcement of fundamental rights. (Article-44) 8. Saving for certain law. (Article-47) Types of extra judicial killing in Bangladesh: * Crossfire/encounter/gunfight * Death due to torture * Beaten to de ath * Shot and killing * Death to torture in custody * Public lynching An over view of extra judicial killings in Bangladesh in2011. 1. Extra-judicial killings plague Bangladesh’s social and political landscape. According to information gathered by Odhikar, between January and December 2011, 84people were killed extra-judicially by law enforcement agencies. 2. . Despite the fact that a total of 84 people have reportedly been extra judicially killed by law enforcers from when the present government assumed power on January 6,2009 to December 2011, the Home Minister, Advocate Sahara Khatun’s statement on January 26, 2011 did not even seek to condemn these incidents. Instead, she said that â€Å"the law enforcement agencies will continue their work, regardless of whatever is being said about extrajudicial killings. The criminals are supposed to bekilled when law enforcers shoot at them in self defence. † Odhikar considers this a deeply irresponsible statement from the political superior of the law enforcement agencies. The Minister’s words demonstrate that in the highest echelons extra judicial killings are effectively endorsed, despite the pre-election promise of the Awami League that ‘extra-judicial killing will be stopped. ’ 3. Also a concern of the Government’s hypocrisy on the matter as demonstrated by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s statements on the issue when in London on January on 30. During a meeting with the Chairman of the Standing Committee of Human Rights of the House of Lords, the Asia Director of Amnesty International and the Director of the Human Rights Caucus, the Prime Minister stated that ‘if anyone is found guilty after investigation of extrajudicial killing, we will take action against the person as we believe that all citizens have the right to get justice. ’ It is clear that when there is an international image to be upheld, the government can deliver the rhetoric but not the action that is required at home. 4. The Government finally admitted to the occurrences of extra-judicial killing in a statement by the Prime Minister made on February 3, 2011, at a press conference: â€Å"I have always taken a stand against extra-judicial killings. Such killings are continuing for a long time, which cannot be stopped overnight. † Though the admission of the long history is such killings is important the following statement once more betrays a,lack of willingness to take decisive action. Odhikar feels that Prime Minister’sstatement only encouraged those who are involved in extra-judicial killings tocontinue. 5. It is clear to Odhikar that the continuing trend of extra-judicial killing is of greatdetriment to a healthily functioning society and undermines the rule of law. Yet thegovernment has not been able to grasp this and further provided mixed messageslater in the year. The Law Minister Barrister Shafiq Ahmed told the daily AmaderShomoy on April 9, 2011, that ‘If any law enforcer kills a person without a validground of self-defense, it should be termed an extrajudicial killing and everyallegation of such killings should be investigated. ’122 Thus ‘it cannot be termed as‘extrajudicial’ killing, if anyone kills anybody for self-defence. 123 This clauseeffectively undermines the assertion that extra-judicial killings will be investigatedsince the excuse of self-defense is what is pleaded in the majority of such killings bythe law enforcement agencies. Table 1: killing by law enforcement agencies 2011 Month(s)| RAB| Police| Rab-Police| Jail Authorities| Rab-Co ast Guard| Total| January| 05| 02| 00| 00| 00| 07| February| 08| 06| 03| 00| 00| 19| March| 05| 02| 00| 01| 00| 08| April| 02| 03| 00| 00| 00| 05| May| 00| 05| 00| 00| 02| 07| June| 04| 01| 00| 00| 00| 05| July| 01| 00| 00| 00| 00| 01| August| 05| 03| 00| 00| 00| 08| September| 06| 01| 00| 01| 00| 08| October| 04| 00| 01| 00| 00| 05| November| 01| 04| 00| 00| 02| 07| December| 02| 04| 00| 00| 00| 06| Total| 43| 31| 04| 02| 04| 84| Types of death and some Major Incidents of 2011: Crossfire/encounter/gun fight: * Among the 84 extra-judicial killings reported in 2011, 65 persons were killed in‘crossfire/encounters/gun fights’. Among the deceased 42 were allegedly killed byRAB, 15 by police, 04 jointly by RAB and police and 04 jointly by RAB and the CoastGuard. * The terms ‘crossfire’, ‘encounter’ and ‘gunfight’ have become ubiquitous euphemismsfor incidents when various law enforcement agencies are involved in extra-judicialkillings. The uses of these euphemisms represent an attempt by such agencies andthe government to conceal the reality of the brutality that is experienced by many ofthose that die in extra-judicial conditions. Indeed the sense of accidental collateraldeath that such terms relate to contributes to a culture where there is almost noaccountability for law enforcement agencies and the deaths of people can be passedoff with weak excuses. * On January 11, 2011, Imtiaz Hossain Abeer (19), a student of Northern College, wasshot dead by police at the Pallabi area in Dhaka city. The family of the deceased alleged that Abeer was called out through phone calls by police of Pallabi Police Station, led by Assistant Sub Inspector Ismail. He was shot dead by police, whoclaimed he was a member of a gang of robbers. There was no case or General Diary against Abeer in any police station. * On the same day as the press conference at which Sheikh Hasina admitted that extra-judcial killings had a history in Bangladesh, a member of Purba Banglar Communist Party (Red Flag), Abdul Hamid was also shot dead in a ‘gunfight’ with police in Pabna on February 3. On February 4, 2011, a youth named Nurul Islam Shumon was shot dead by policeat the Botanical Gardens in Mirpur in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area. Also on February 4, Hazrat Belal, alleged regional commander of the underground party JSD Gonobahini, was reported as being killed by RAB and Police in a joint operation at Harinakunda under Jhenaidah district. * On April 4, 2011, at around 2. 30 am, Mohammad Shafiqu l Islam (45), former Chairman of Ziarkandi Union Parishad under Comilla district, was shot dead bymembers of the Crime Prevention Company (CPC)-1 of RAB-11. The family of thedeceased alleged that he was shot dead by RAB at Chhoto Karamerchor Dakshinpara village under Araihazar Upazila in Narayanganj after being picked up from Demra in Dhaka. * On June 14, 2011 a student of class nine, Shadhin Ahmed Shuvo was allegedly killed and his younger brother and Shuvo’s classmate Badal Mia were allegedlyinjured by stray bullets shot by RAB-10 during an operation conducted by themagainst drug peddlers in Pagla at Narayangonj. On August 12, 2011, five youths were shot dead by Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) at the Jonopad Sarak area at Uttara in the Capital. RAB officials claim that all thedeceased were ‘muggers’, who died in an exchange of fire between both sides. Salma Begum, wife of deceased Shahidul Islam, said that they live in Kodalkuchi village under Nalitabari Thana in Sherpur District. Her husband was a farmer. She,and her two children, came to her father’s house at Nirashpara in Tongi 15 days ago. On August 12, her husband Shahidul Islam had come to Tongi to take them backhome. Shahidul went out in the evening after Iftar. They started searching for himwhen he did not return home. Later, after hearing about the deaths from their neighbour, on August 14 she identified the body of her husband at Dhaka MedicalCollege Hospital morgue. Salma stated that there was no case or any record ofGeneral Diary against her husband. Death due to Torture * Law enforcement agencies are not only killing citizens in fictitious ‘crossfire’situations, torture in custody also features in the list of crimes committed by suchagents in 2011. Though the numbers are lower than those involved in crossfire, thefact that innocent people may be being tortured to death mainly during remand incustody, is a shameful human rights violation which the Government needs tourgently address . * Of the 84 reported extra judicial killings, 17 people were allegedly tortured to death. Among them 14 were reported killed by police, one by RAB and 02 by jail authorities of Noakhali and Lalmonirhat District Jail. Of the 84 deceased, one person wasallegedly beaten to death by police. A sample story is that of Shafiqul Islam Raja (25), an under trial prisoner of theDhaka Central Jail, who on April 23, 2011, died in Dhaka Medical College Hospital. The family of Raja alleged that he was tortured by police after being taken intorem and in Sutrapur Police Station in the Capital, Dhaka. 132 On November 05, 2011Romans wife claimed that Detective Branch (DB) Police took him from his shop onOctober 29, 2011 and beat him. The family alleged that police de manded taka500,000 in return for not torturing him. Romans father claimed DB Police tortured hisson to death. Torture in remand does not always result in death but is a too common occurrence, for moredetails see the section on ‘Torture in remand’, later in this report. Shooting * Only one person was reportedly shot point blank in 2011. However it should beremembered that the nature of the terms used to describe the circumstances of extra-judicial killings (i. e. ‘crossfire’ etc. ) makes it very difficult to determine how accurate this is. Custodial death * The safety and welfare of those in custody is an important human right. Allegedcriminals deserve humane treatment throughout the judicial process. However, inBangladesh this internationally accepted right has not been made a reality. Though Odhikar accepts that people may die due to natural reasons in custody, the detainedprisoners are often abused and deaths occur through unwarranted violence. * From January to December 2011, reported show that 140 persons died in custody. Among them, 105 persons died in jail. Among those, 91 persons allegedly died due to ‘sickness’; two reportedly committed suicide, two infants died in jail. One personwho was reportedly injured at the time of his arrest also died in jail. Nine personsdied in different jails due to reasons unknown. * During this time one woman reportedly ‘committed suicide’ while in Potenga Police Station in Chittagong and two persons died while under the custody of police inChittagong and Dhaka districts. * 26 persons were allegedly killed extra judicially while in custody of RAB, police and the jailauthority. Six former BDR soldiers also died during this time while in custody. Public Lynching * On July 17, 2011 local residents of Barodeshi village of Aminbazar on the outskirts ofDhaka, killed six students on suspicion of being robbers. The deceased were –Ibrahim Khalil (24), Touhidur Rahman Polash (20), Kamruzzaman Kanto (18),students of Mirpur Bangla College; SetabZabirManib (22), student of BangladeshUniversity of Business and Technology; Shams Rahim Shammam (20), A-Level student of Mastermind International School and College; and Tipu Sultan (20),student of Tejgaon College. The lone survivor, Al Amin, a student of DarussalamCollege was admitted to the hospital in a critical condition. It was learnt that thestudents had gone to Amin Bazar together on rickshaws after offering prayers on the night of Shab-e-Barat, to spend the night roaming the area. Local residents, seeingunknown people in the area so late, thought the young men were dacoits and alsoannounced the arrival of dacoits through the megaphone of a local mosque. Hearingthis, hundreds of people came to the spot and surrounded the students and attackedthem. Some people beat them with iron rods, sticks and stabbed them with sharpweapons in front of the Savar police. The area where the incident took place wasknown to be a crime zone. It was learnt that drugs including Ganja, Phensidyle and Yabaare allegedly sold in the area. The villagers used to guard the village as the lawand order situation was bad. Meanwhile, police have been insisting that the students, had gone to Keblarchar to commit robbery. The owner of Shahadat Enterprise, Abdul Malik filed a robbery case on July 18, 2011 with the local police station. Two persons named Sanowar Hossain and Mohammad Selim Mridha were arrested for being involved in the lynching of the six students. On July 21, 2011, a four memberinquiry committee, headed by Additional Inspector General of Police, Mohammad Amir Uddin, was formed. Mohammad Amir Uddin submitted the investigation report to the IGP Hasan Mahmud Khandker on September 18, 2011 and also briefed thejournalists about the findings. He said that police were found to be negligent andirresponsible in performing their duty. The Officer-in-Charge of Savar Police Station was ‘closed’ and two Sub Inspectors were temporarily suspended in thisregard. No evidence of involvement in any criminal activity in that area was found against the six students. An over view of 2012s extra judicial killing: * Extrajudicial killings continue, despite repeated assurances by theGovernment to end this, at various forums including the Universal PeriodicReview (UPR) Session of the UN Human Rights Council. During the periodof January March 2012, according to information gathered by Odhikar, 31persons were killed extra-judicially by law enforcement agencies. Crossfire/encounter/gun fight: * Among the 31 persons extra judicially killed, 26 were killed in ‘crossfire/encounters/ gun fights’. Among the deceased, 17 were allegedly killed bythe Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), three by the police, two jointly by RABpolice,four jointly by RAB-Coast Guard. Death due to torture: * During the three months (January-March) 2012, three persons wereallegedly tortured to death. Among the deceased two were torturedallegedly by the police and one by jail authorities. Shot to death: * Among the deceased, two persons were shot to death during this period. Of them one by police and one by the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB). Torture in custody * During January – March 2012, as per Odhikar’s documentation, 18 persons were reportedly tortured by different law enforcement agencies. Amongthem 15 persons were allegedly tortured, but did not succumb to theirinjuries. Of them nine were tortured by police, five by RAB-Police and oneby jail authorities. Three persons were allegedly tortured to death1. Someinstances of torture are as follows: This has been mentioned in the previous section on ‘Extra? judicial killings’. * . In a press conference at the Dhaka Crime Reporters Association on March10, 2012, Halima Rahman, mother of army officer Lt. Col. Hasinur Rahman, requested the Prime Minister to release her son, detained in Army custody. Halima Rahman told the press conference that her son had been detainedwithout any charge and tortured in custody. He was treated at the CoronaryCare Unit of the Combined Military Hospital. Charges and witnessesagainst Lt. Col. Hasinur Rahman could not be produced even after sixmonths of his arrest. Halima Rahman stated that on July 9, 2011, Brigadier General Mostafa called her son over telephone for some urgent officialwork. The next day the family contacted the Army Headquarters and theDGFI2 office to find the whereabouts of Hasinur Rahman. 3 Later on March25, 2012, according to a report published in the daily Prothom Alo, Lt. Col. Hasinur Rahman was sentenced to 4 years and 3 months imprisonment bythe Army Court for being involved in undisciplined activities. However, thewife of Lt. Col. Hasinur Rahman, Shamima Akhter, alleged that the familydid not know anything about this judgment asthe Army authority did notinform them. They came to know on March 22, when Lt. Col. Hasinur Rahman informed her over telephone. 4 * On February 29, 2012, at around 8. 00 pm, Mohammad Abdur Rahim Sheikh(60) of SahapurMistripara village under Badarganj Municipality in Rangpurdistrict was allegedly tortured by police of the Badarganj Police Station. Later police produced Mohammad Abdur Rahim Sheikh to a mobile courtand the court sentenced him one year imprisonment for taking drugs. OnmMarch 2, 2012 at around 1. 50 pm, Mohammad Abdur Rahim Sheikh died inthe Intensive Care Unit of Rangpur Medical College Hospital where he wasunder treatment. The family of the deceased alleged that the police severely tortured him after the arrest and as a result he died. 5 Recommendation: Extra judicial killing is violated ones fundamental human rights. In Bangladesh extra judicial killing should stop for national human rights concern and for maintenance of law and order. In 21stcentury any civilized nation should stop this type of crime as for Bangladesh, in some cases I support extra judicial killing as in the case of some official * Shorten the process of judiciary * Independent of judiciary * To Stronger the law enforcement agency Political good will needed * Better training for law enforcing agency * Given punishment for crime of LEA members * As guardian of constitution the president should more honorable * Political use of LEA should prohibited Conclusion : Extra judicial killing is the violation of human rights amp; for this reason it prohibited. From 26th march 2044 to October 2009 there 1600 people were killed extra judicially. To ensure the constitutional right as right to life, liberty and conscience of life extra judicial killing is one major impediment.

Ipp Essay Research Paper Intellectual Property PiracyIn free essay sample

Ipp Essay, Research Paper Intellectual Property Piracy In today=s society engineering has made life easier and about wholly machine-controlled. You no longer necessitate to travel to a Teller in a bank to lodge, retreat, or even hard currency a cheque. You can even plan a reckoner to work out for the degree Celsius value in an equation in math category. To even exceed things off you no longer necessitate to be at place or around a computing machine to travel on to the cyberspace with promotions in cellular phone engineering. Unfortunately there are drawbacks to the quickly turning field of engineering and computing machines. The cyberspace is doing more and more music, films, games, and 1000s of other package accessible. Most of it is stolen or APIRATED @ , and so put up on the cyberspace for anybody to download and utilize on their Personal computer ( personal computing machine ) . Along the lines there are even plans that let you happen, download, and utilize what you want at no charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Ipp Essay Research Paper Intellectual Property PiracyIn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be able to make this hurts or even destroys the discoverers really ain rational belongings and they have the right to do royalties off of their thought, whether it is music, films, games, or even business/personal package. The loss of these belongingss are due to four chief factors, networking, encoding, few or no case in points, and a fast growing, in the Personal computer field. All of which have led rational belongings on the hemorrhage border of the engineering universe but has non wholly eliminated it from the market. Some companies are bettering in those country with better scheduling and encrypting. Besides with the aid of the United States authorities in doing Torahs, criterions, and bureaus wholly focused on this country of engineering. The first issue is networking. Whether its on a local degree such as an intranet or LAN ( local country web ) where merely a few computing machines are networked or connected together and have file sharing entree or as a universe broad factor as the cyberspace or WAN ( broad country web ) . Networking allows multiple usage entree the same information at the same clip. When there is an intranet it is localized to merely a little community such as a concern or local school. However they tend to be nexus or connected to the cyberspace leting entrance and surpassing traffic through the extranet waiter. The extranet waiter gives the LAN entree to the outside universe but besides give the outside universe entree to them. With 100s of 1000s of computing machines linked to each other Gs ( about one billion bytes ) of Gs of informations are shared. To entree this information you need a plan that uses a procedure called FTP ( file transportation protocol ) or HTTP ( hyper text transportation p rotocol ) . Many of these plans are free and come with your Personal computer, such as Microsoft 7 Internet Explorer or Netscape 7 Navigator. With these plans allow anybody that has entree to the cyberspace to position and even download anything they want. As another manner to have informations is through a direct connexion contact via FTP. A really common and popular plan to make this is used for music and is even under reappraisal by the United States federal tribunal system, Napster 7. Napster 7 allows you to log on to a waiter and browse or expression at what other users have on there computing machine and download anything at one time. As of the thirteenth of November twelvemonth two thousand there are seven thousand, nine hundred and five Gs of informations and is comprised of 1,907,942 vocals being shared at any user=s petition ( Napster client v2.0beta 7 ) . Some of those vocals might be free to portion but that is merely at the artist consent, but all other vocals and creat ive persons lose their right to royalties and lose money. However non all creative person are against the thought of sharing this manner, they merely work around it. Some sets are seting secret vocals on there albums and non seting them on the list of vocals on the album or doing the album an synergistic album with the aid of SONY=s CD EXTRA. These are merely a few ways that artist protecting them egos against the cyberspace. Along with networking jobs comes encoding and protecting your digital and rational belongings. Technology is doing it easier to pack, mass multiply, and administer a merchandise. Besides with the entire slice out of eight path cassette tape and long drama record, music has converted over to Cadmiums ( compact phonograph record ) . Cadmiums are in digital format what are composed purely zeros and 1s. Now that CDRW ( compact phonograph record rhenium write ) thrusts have been released anybody can copy any Cadmium they wish. Besides along the lines of copying Cadmiums there is package that lets anybody convert Cadmium sound into a low infinite format mat called MP3 ( Mpeg 3 bed ) , and can utilize the same plan to play the vocal with out the Cadmium. With this capableness you can merchandise, sell, and even merely give away the music with out the creative person acquiring one penny of royalty. Some Cadmium industries are coding their merchandises to protect their informations. Another type of buccaneering of rational DVD ( digital versatile/video phonograph record ) ripping. A DV D is non a wholly the same as a Cadmium, it takes a particular thrust that reads the different beds on the phonograph record, and transfers the information a faster velocity. Besides a different thrust, the phonograph record infinite capacity of a DVD is about 10 times the size of the mean Cadmium. With these alterations and a high encoding format a individual is non able to copy a DVD on to a Cadmium, but you can rend the film. To rend the film means to copy the image in a lower quality and different format that the DVD comes on. There is package that allows you to rend a film that is seven Gs in a film that is about 600 Ms ( about six hundred million bytes ) in a Divx format. The quality of this format is really good and really fast but non every bit good as DVD. One of the job with holding an thought digitalized is that there are really few Torahs sing the protection of an thought that is electronically produced. In the latest intelligence sing electronic right of first publication Napster is at the top of the list. Napster is one of the first companies to be charged with electronic buccaneering. They are being sued by many creative person and their record labels, and Napster is puting a prevision in the file sharing of music over the cyberspace. Napster wrote a plan that allow their users to log into a waiter that is located in California, and hunt, position, and so download each others files at that minute. This procedure wholly cut out the in-between adult male of the record label, and besides cutting off the consent to the creative person. Besides losing the consent of the creative person, the users are go forthing out the royalties that are paid to the creative person for their work and thought. The job with the cyberspace and file sharing is that there is a batch of land that has to be explored because the country is so new. It is besides a booming market and concern topographic point, but still has a batch of development and growing. With the growing of the new market country at that place has merely been a few case in points set in to topographic point and criterions really from state to state. What may be illegal in one state might be wholly legal in another, such as drink and buying intoxicant in the United States one must be of the age of 20 one, where in Europe the common age is 16. The cyberspace allows people to setup waiter in multiple states where it is legal and wholly accessible all over the universe, and allows them to host something that might be illegal in their place state. Unfortunately states set thier ain case in points, criterions, and Torahs that consequence the whole universe, but the Godheads of the music, package, or film will hold to travel to protect their merchandise better. One of the ground for the deficiency of jurisprudence is that the rapid growing of the computing machine industry, for it is merely 20 old ages old. The computing machine field is invariably turning and altering before any Torahs can be made. Computers programers are ever seeking to do plans easier, faster, and more low-cost for consumers. However there are plans known as AHACKERS @ that there accomplishments are harbored in being able to check or interrupt the codification that makes up the plans that many consumers want. They work merely to see if they can check the codification as a shake. Unfortunately it is going easier and easier to go a AHACKER @ with out cognizing who to even cognize how to plan or write machine codification. There is more and more package being developed to change over music to MP3s, rake DVDs into DIVX format, and CDRW package that allows to make a Cadmium in merely a few proceedingss. With these plans being produced it allows anybody make what the professi onals know how to make at the easy of point and click interface. However the plans are a menace the major developers of music, package, and films where merely they have the popular merchandises that everybody wants. But the major developers are in the cutting border of networking, encoding, and growing. Intellectual belongings buccaneering is a serious and financially violative offense. It helps increase the retail monetary value of music, package, and films. It is lead by the growing of engineering and the deficiency of Torahs against it. Equally long as there are people looking for a manner out of paying for something there will be rational belongings buccaneering. What is needed to be done is better security and encoding for digital informations, harsher Torahs, and an internet criterion for all states. ADigital usage of films flickers free address battle in case @ 7Aug 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/headlines/20000807dvdsuit1.asp KopyKatz hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kopykatz.com 13 Nov 2000 Napster. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.napster.com/win/download/ 13 Nov 2000 ANapster may be the King of Gross saless Spin @ 9 Nov 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/interact/20001109radin.asp Oz, Effy. Management Information System. Cambridge, MA: Course 2000 AVideo on demand: Any DVD film can be copied, sent online @ 6 Aug 2000http: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/businessnews/20000806interact7.asp

History of Poland as an Independent Nation essays

History of Poland as an Independent Nation essays The History Of Poland As An Independent Nation Poland is a land of beautiful countryside and rapidly growing cities. Along with the colorful landscape, Poland also has a very colorful history. The 1795 partition of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria wiped the nation from the map. Poland was controlled by Russia, Austria, and Germany, but after World War I Poland was an independent nation. In 1906 Josef Pilsudski, the founder of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), set up organizations that attacked Tzarist officials and raided offices. In Galicia, the Austrian authorities turned a blind eye to the setting up of sporting clubs. They were followed by a Riflemens Union. In 1912, Pilsudski reorganized these on military lines, and by 1914 there were 12,000 men under arms. When World War I broke out, the Polish people were divided into the armies of Germany, Austria, and Russia. They were forced to fight among themselves in a war that was not theirs. Poles sympathized for France and Austria but did not like fighting with them on the Russians side. They also had little sympathy for the Germans. Pilsudki thought of Russia as the greater enemy and formed Polish Legions to fight independently for Austria. Some Galician Poles went to fight the Italians when they entered the war in 1915, preventing any clash of conscience. The Russians were driven out of most of Poland by 1915. The next year, Germany and Austria established a small Polish kingdom under their protection. Most of the fighting in the East took place in Poland. The Tzarist regime in Russia collapsed in 1917. The Poles main purpose for fighting with The Central Powers (Germany and Austria) disappeared. Germany and Austria promised Poland independence, but they were slow in carrying out their promise. Pilsudskis Legions were required to swear allegiance to Germany but refused to do it. Because of this, Pilsudskis wa...

Teaching Students with Down Syndrome

Teaching Students with Down Syndrome Down Syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality and one of the most common genetic conditions. It occurs in approximately one in every 700 to one 1,000 live births. Down syndrome accounts for approximately 5 percent to 6 percent of intellectual disabilities.  Most students with Down syndrome fall into the mild to moderate range of cognitive impairment. Physically, a student with Down syndrome is easily recognizable due to characteristics such as a smaller overall stature, flat facial profile, thick epicanthic folds in the corners of their eyes, protruding tongues, and muscle hypotonia (low muscle tone). Cause of Down Syndrome Down syndrome was first identified as a discrete disorder with a set of similar  symptoms or characteristics, which are related to the presence of extra chromosome 21. Those characteristics include: Short stature and shortened bonesThick tongues and small oral cavitiesModerate to mild intellectual disabilitiesLow or inadequate muscle tone. Best Practices for Teachers There are a number of best practices for working with students with Down syndrome. In teaching, best practices are procedures and strategies that, through research, have been shown to be effective. Those strategies include: Inclusion:  Students with special needs should be full members of age-appropriate inclusive classes to the extent they can be. Effective inclusion means that the teacher must be fully supportive of the model. The inclusive environment is less likely to stigmatize and provides a much more natural environment for the students. There are more opportunities for peer relationships to occur and much of the research states that full integration works better than classrooms that are segregated according to cognitive ability or special needs. Building self-esteem:  The physical characteristics of a student with Down syndrome will often result in a lowered self-esteem, which means the teacher needs to take every opportunity to boost self-confidence and instill pride through a variety of strategies. Progressive learning:  Students with Down syndrome usually face many intellectual challenges. Strategies that work for mildly disabled students and/or students with significant learning disabilities will also work with these students. Most students with Down syndrome do not progress beyond the intellectual capabilities of a normal developing 6-to-8-year-old. However, a teacher should always strive to move the child progressively along the learning continuum- never assume the child isnt capable. Solid intervention and high-quality instruction lead to improved academic achievement for students with Down syndrome. Through a multimodal approach, a teacher uses as many concrete materials and real-world authentic situations as possible. The teacher should use language appropriate for student understanding, speak slowly when necessary, and always break tasks into smaller steps and provide instruction for each step. Students with Down syndrome usually have good short-term memory. Minimize distractions: Students with special needs are often easily distracted. Teachers should employ strategies that work to minimize distractions such as keeping the student away from the window, using a structured environment, keeping the noise level down, and having an orderly classroom where students are free from surprises and know the expectations, routines, and rules. Teachers should use direct instruction in short periods of time along with brief activities to help to support learning, and they should introduce new material slowly, sequentially, and in a step-by-step fashion. Employ speech-and-language instruction:  Children with Down syndrome can suffer from serious problems such as hearing difficulties and articulation problems. Sometimes they will require speech/language intervention and a great deal of direct instruction. In some cases, augmentative or facilitated communication will be a good alternative for communication. Teachers should use patience and model appropriate interactions at all times. Behavior-management techniques: Strategies used for other students should not differ for the student with Down syndrome. Positive reinforcement is a much better strategy than punitive techniques. Reinforcers need to be meaningful. The strategies a teacher uses to reach and teach a student with Down syndrome will often be beneficial to many learners in the classroom. Using the above strategies can be effective with students of all levels of ability.

FDI Inflow in India through Manufacturing Sector Essay

FDI Inflow in India through Manufacturing Sector - Essay Example Although India is an under developed country and the government has taken all possible measures to boost up the FDI in all the sectors specially the manufacturing sector. The best econometric model which suits the inflow of FDI's in manufacturing sector is "Time Series Econometric Model". The variables of time series econometric model are stated below: After developing the variables, firstly, we need to assess their properties. Its existence both in long and short term is outlined through the time series analysis. Secondly, one needs to find out those variables which are dependent to each other so as to categorize them either in short term or medium term basis. Moreover, corrective and appropriate measures need to be taken in selecting the variables because only some of these variables produce good results in the long run while the rest do not. The most important thing regarding the application of this model in the manufacturing sector is the data provided. Because in third world or under developed countries like India the manipulation in the data might occur which may create problems in analyzing the real model. The Indian market is very attractive for the foreign investors due to its massive growth in population, economy and various other demographic factors. The Indian government has taken every possible measure to attract the foreign investors and due to this fact stock market of India has attained a new height and its trading volume has grown up exponentially over the last few years, right before the world economy went into a recession (Mehul). In the last 10 years, 27 billion dollars have been injected in the Indian economy, most of which was invested in the manufacturing sector, as availability of cheap labor is one of the key factors that attracts foreign investors. On an average India's overall manufacturing base has attracted investments worth 3.4 billion dollars from 2000 to 2008 in the form of FDI (The Financial Express). There is a huge potential in the manufacturing industry of India and economists estimate more than 12 billion dollars to be injected or invested in India's manufacturing sector in the next 5 years (The Financial Express). Statistics reveal that India is the fourth largest country in terms of FDI but they are still way behind in comparison with China, to refer to the proportions of FDI in India's manufacturing industry is around 37 in comparison to 67 per cent of China (Bhanu 3). Although there is a huge potential and flexibility in both the markets but due to the government policies, tax free zones, availability of cheap labor and resources, China finds its way comfortably at the top (Swapna ). Similarly, another important statistic, is comparison between the manufacturing and the service sector. Service sector in India has only been able to attract $2.34 billion of FDI in the past years. To Examine Motives of FDI Inflow in India Indian economy has made huge impact on the global economy being a huge market

Quality management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Quality management - Assignment Example Hence, it is important that clear decisions are made. But clear decisions cannot just be made literally. Clear decision making is done with the help of various means. In this case, the design of experiments as learnt in this course is one means through which clear decision making can be done. It avails the evidence, the observations, the conclusions and the factual evidence that is needed in decision making. This paper looks at how the design of experiments is involved in decision making in industrial settings, how it is involved in decision making for the purposes related to quality management and why, how, when it is done and its association with cost benefit analysis. From an industry perspective, it is evident that the competition amongst industries is stiff at all levels of competition. This coupled with the fast changing technological techniques for use in industries adds the pressure on industries to make decisions that are certain, based on evidence and facts. As learnt in this unit, the design of experiments is a vital decision making tool for evidences. As per the research conducted when undertaking the assignments, it was evident that one of the aims of industries is to locate the best possible production level. This was by taking all the factors involved in the production process into account and designing an experiment that would help the industry’s management to make the right decision on which factors to make use of. The DOE enables industries to come up with an appropriate model for production by utilizing the data of the factors obtained. This is part of the decision making process of industries. It was learnt that industries design experiments that include one to several factors that they think will have an effect on a response variable to evaluate if the said factors truly have an effect on the response variable. In industries, the decision making process involved the carrying out of experiments in a

Utilitarianism Notes Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Notes Essay – – – – – – – No Absolutes Morality Depends on individual circumstances Happiness is the most important thing Quality and Quantity of Happiness need to be taken into account The Measure of Usefulness or Fittingness for purpose an action may have Teleological Ethical theories such as Utilitarianism tend to rely on the principle of utility It is the way of measuring how useful an action is in bringing about the consequences that we desire Equality The Happiness of each individual person is equally important No Persons happiness is more important than anothers You can work out the right action mathematically. Not absolute rules but we would all make the same decision under the circumstances. No rules. Principles are used to govern right and wrong rather than rules in Act Utilitarianism In Rule Utilitarianism, J. S. Mill introduced some beneficial rules, which acted as guidelines Hedonistic Principle of Utility †¢ Egalitarian – – – †¢ †¢ †¢ Hedonistic Calculus – – – – Anti-Legalistic Harm Principle – – Put forward by Mill to avoid restricting the freedom of the minority. It states that each person can do whatever they want, as long as it does not negatively impact on the freedom of other people Teleological Ethics. †¢ In order to understand Utilitarianism, you must first study Teleological Ethics, which share many principles with Utilitarianism. †¢ Teleological Ethics is to judge whether or not an action is moral by purely looking at the result or consequence of the action. †¢ This is also known as Consequentialism. Teleological Ethics †¢ In Teleological Ethics, there are no moral absolutes. †¢ Teleological Ethics only consider the consequence of an action, and disregard the motive or circumstances. †¢ Teleological Theories are consequentialist (based on consequences) †¢ Actions only have Instrumental Value, not intrinsic value. (see table below to see definitions) Problems with Teleological Ethics †¢ How do you decide what a morally good or bad consequence is? †¢ There are many conflicting factors †¢ We cant tell the future, we have no way of knowing what the consequences will be! The Principle of Utility †¢ Teleological Ethical theories tend to rely on the Principle of Utility †¢ This is defined as the measure of usefulness or fittingness for purpose an action may have †¢ A Principle of Utility is a way of measuring how useful an action is in bringing about the consequences that we desire †¢ The Principle of Utility of Utilitarianism is Happiness. This is for the following reasons: – It is universally valued and desirable – Subjective (opinion matters) – However, it is also open to abuse as it cannot be easily defined. †¢ This links to Hedonism Hedonism †¢ Hedonism is the belief that happiness is more important than anything else †¢ Pleasure or happiness are often interchangeable and used to mean the same thing â€Å"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as what we shall do. † -David Hume Before Utilitarianism. †¢ Hume linked Utility with Happiness †¢ It is difficult to define Happiness †¢ Aristotle saw no difference between living well (flourishing) and living normally. Well being is part of the good life. This can include comfort and enjoyment Act Utilitarianism Act Utilitarianism is the earliest form of Utilitarianism. It was first put forward by scholar Jeremy Bentham †¢ Act Utilitarianism is a Relativist theory, which means that nothing is always right or wrong and the choice of actions depend on circumstances, which allows flexibility and is intuitive. †¢ It also rejects God, as there is no proof as to whether or not God exists. It also rejects the Bible and religion in general. This removes the need for faith which makes it a theory that can be supported by both religious and secular people. †¢ There are no absolute rules in Act Utilitarianism, which means that there is no unfairness and is a more flexible theory. This makes the people more important than the rules. †¢ Act Utilitarianism uses a Hedonic Calculus to work out the right action for people to do. This creates a simple, objective, mathematical, tangible and logical way of working out what is right and wrong. †¢ It is also a Hedonistic theory, this means that happiness is more important than anything else. This is good because we all agree that happiness is good, and an objective base for morality (meaning of life) which fits in well with modern society. â€Å"The good is that which will bring about the greatest sum of pleasure and the least sum of pain for the greatest number† -Jeremy Bentham Hedonic Calculus. †¢ The Hedonic Calculus is a formula that can be used to work out the right action mathematically †¢ It is simple, objective, mathematical, logical and tangible. †¢ The Hedonic Calculus uses the following factors to establish the presence of happiness: Rule Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism superseded Benthams Act Utilitarianism. It was put forward by scholar John Stuart Mill, who had learned about Utilitarianism for most of his life, as his father James Mill was a colleague of Jeremy Bentham. Rule Utilitarianism. †¢ Mill argued that not all forms of happiness or pleasure were of equal value, which was seemingly what Bentham was implying †¢ He also recognised that, in life, it is easy to settle for the more immediate and sensual pleasures, rather than the nobler and more refined ones. †¢ Mill goes beyond the Hedonic Calculus of Act Utilitarianism by recognising that there are many different ways of assessing its value †¢ Mill was concerned to link his utilitarian theory with Jesus teachings by claiming that to love your neighbour as yourself constitutes the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality. †¢ Mill also suggested a positive place for rules within an overall utilitarian approach. His one rule that he introduced was known as the Harm Principle it stated that everyone should be able to do what would make them happy, unless the majority of people affected, are negatively affected. †¢ Mill stated that general rules such as the Harm Principle should be obeyed as they give overall benefit to society, but they can be broken in exceptional circumstances. â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied† -John Stuart Mill. Strong and Weak Rule Utilitarianism †¢ Strong Rule Utilitarianism holds that one should never break a rule that is established on utilitarian principles †¢ Weak Rule Utilitarianism holds that there may be situations where breaking the rules is acceptable, in order to bring about the greatest good for the greatest number, but generally keeping the rules (eg. Telling a lie is generally wrong, but there may be circumstances where it acceptable in order to bring about the greatest good for the greatest number). Rule Utilitarianism Preference Utilitarianism †¢ Preference Utilitarianism superseded Mills Rule Utilitarianism. It was put forward by several scholars, who advocated it over a period of time. †¢ They are: – Henry Sidgwick (1838-1900) – R. M. Hare (1919-2002) – Peter Singer (1946-present) †¢ Preference Utilitarianism uses Preference over Happiness or Pleasure as the Principle of Utility. †¢ Preference Utilitarianism also takes other factors into account, such as duty †¢ This means that most people would get what they wanted. Prima Facie Obligations †¢ â€Å"Prima Facie† – At First Sight †¢ This is the idea that we do not value strangers as highly as friends or family †¢ Most of us judge morality as ‘agent relatve’, we will favour some people above others. †¢ Utilitarianism requires us to judge all people equally and not consider Prima Facie obligations †¢ This is a criticism of Utilitarianism as to abandon prima facie duties seems to go against all instinct †¢ Some people argue that people should be treated as ends in themselves and not means to an end. †¢ It is necessary for a utilitarian to defend against this position. Motive Utilitarianism †¢ Henry Sidgwick put forward a theory of Utilitarianism which became known as ‘Motive Utilitarianism’ †¢ It states an action can be considered to be good if its motive was to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number, regardless of the actual outcome (which links to Situation Ethics).

Is There Any Solace For The Lonely :: essays research papers

Is There Any Solace For The Lonely? Our culture is too civilized to allow the physical torture of criminals. Therefore, solitary confinement is used as an alternative punishment for prisoners serving time. Solitary confinement seems like a joke, being alone in an enclosed room with no human contact for a few weeks. Yet, being alienated and lonely are very effective methods of psychological torture. In fact, the sense of loneliness is so overwhelming, it tends to drive criminals mad. The problem with loneliness is that it does not just affect prisoners in solitary, it can overwhelm anyone at anytime. What was once an emotional state of being that only afflicted the elderly, is now commonplace for the youth of tomorrow. Many are looking for deeper insight about the causes of loneliness in adolescents, which is defined as a "sense of absence or loss even in the midst of a crowd" (Jain 1). The best source for a greater understanding about loneliness is poet, Brian Brennan. His poem "Under Solace Tree&qu ot; reveals how social gauntlets and adolescent alienation are the primary causes of loneliness. Social gauntlets are the primary differentiation between adult and teenage loneliness. Adults are not as likely to undertake social "tests" to try and fit in. Older individuals usually have discovered who they are and accept it. The problem with youngsters is that they are still looking for acceptance and a sense of belonging. As a result, the "in-crowd" develops unspoken tests and tribulations for newcomers who wish to join. Such trials could be as discreet as being a good athlete, in order to be accepted into the "jock" crowd. On the other hand, "burn-outs" would not trust you, or even remotely invite you into their "club" if you refused to smoke marijuana with them. Social gauntlets are used to weed out those that are deemed "not worthy" to join, from those that are. When a new member is accepted, it acts like an ego boost for that individual, thereby increasing their self-esteem. Although, the self-image boost lasts only as long as the group, leaving the youth worse off than before when it disperses, because now they have sacrificed their independence for acceptance. On the other hand, failing to pass social gauntlets will have detrimental effects on the flunky. It will cause loneliness, the feeling of an ache more painful than any physical wound (Jain 2).

Ready Set Red Light

Red light runners cause hundreds of deaths and tens of thousands of injuries each year. In 2009, 676 people were killed and an estimated 130,000 were injured in crashes that involved red light running. About half of the deaths in red light running crashes are pedestrians, bicyclists, and occupants in other vehicles who are hit by the red light runners. An Institute study of urban crashes found that those involving drivers who ran red lights, stop signs and other traffic controls were the most common type of crash (22 percent). Injuries occurred in 39 percent of the crashes in which motorists ran traffic controls. Enforcement is the key to getting people to comply with a law, but communities don't have the resources to allow police to patrol intersections as often as would be needed to ticket all motorists who run red lights. Studies have shown that the presence of cameras reduces red light running. If a vehicle enters an intersection any time after the signal light has turned red, the driver has committed a violation. Motorists inadvertently in an intersection when the signal changes are not red light runners. In locations where a right turn on red is permitted, drivers who fail to come to a complete stop before turning may be considered red light runners. However, communities differ as to whether they issue tickets for it when it is caught on camera. A study conducted during several months at 5 busy intersections in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, prior to the use of red light cameras found that, on average, a motorist ran a red light every 20 minutes at each intersection. During peak travel times, red light running was more frequent. Analysis of red light violation data from 19 intersections without red light cameras in 4 states found that 1,775 violations occurred over 554 hours, for a violation rate of 3. 2 per hour per intersection. In a 2010 telephone survey by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 93 percent of drivers said it's unacceptable to go through a red light if it's possible to stop safely, but one-third reported doing so in the past 30 days.

How Do Humans Reproduce?

The reproduction in human beings differs from other living things because we are complex organisms. Unlike bacteria, the simplest living things, our reproduction involves a male and female to mate. For bacteria, normally it is asexual, meaning there is no need for a male and female partner to mate. A single bacterium, which is single one celled organism, can divide into two new one celled organism. This process of cell division is called mitosis for most one celled organism or binary fission for prokaryotic cells.As female and male human being mate, the egg of a female becomes fertilized by the sperm of the male. Although arthropods like grasshoppers also mate, the egg of a grasshopper contains a little yolk to support the egg cell when it develops after fertilization. Since the yolk is small, several germ cells contained in a single egg support the primary germ cell providing nourishment after fertilization. Human eggs do not have yolk, after fertilization the developing baby is nou rish by the mother through the umbilical cord.Another group of animals living in the water also differ from human egg. Unlike land dwelling animals, aquatic animals like fish have their eggs in water were the exchange of nutrients and waste is easy to achieve. Therefore some fish eggs do not have much yolk to support the embryo during development. Although unlike human egg, they normally have gelatinous materials that cover the egg and provide additional nourishment. To humans this is the reason why we have amniotic fluids to allow nutrients to enter our body and waste to come out.Even our closest relatives, the bear which is a mammal, still differ from our reproduction. In female human beings, normally only one egg can be fertilized at one time. This is because only one egg is released by the ovary during the ovulation period. For bear one or more eggs can be fertilized at a time producing typically 4 to 5 cubs. When the human egg is fertilized it forms a zygote that undergoes a 9 month gestation period before coming out as a young baby. References Materials provided by student.

The Executive Office of the U.S. President essays

The Executive Office of the U.S. President essays Within the last decade, the Office of the President of the United States Federal Government, part of the triad of the Executive, Legislative (US Congress) and Judicial (the Supreme Court) branches, has come under fire, due to the views of some Americans who consider the Executive branch to be far less important than the other two. However, the Office of the President of the United States bears much responsibility for the ways things are decided related to American society and how the laws of the land are interpreted and acted upon in times of great prosperity and economic/political turmoil (McCague, 56). Generally, the Executive branch of the U.S. government is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land and was originally created during the Presidency of George Washington in the late 1700s. Much like other entities, this office could not function properly if not for the presence of other entities, such as the Vice President, department heads (i.e., those who run and operate cabinet departments) and a number of independent agencies. Unlike the powers of the President, the responsibilities of these adjunct bodies are not defined in the Constitution, yet each has special powers and functions (Executive Branch, Internet). Basically, the President is the unconditional leader and representative of the country and its citizens and also serves as the Commander-in-Chief of all military bodies, federal organizations and military-based operations, much like George Washington when he served as the Commander of the colonial forces during the Revolutionary War. The Vice President, usually appointed by the President, serves as the President of the U.S. Senate and if the President suddenly dies or resigns from office, the Vice President automatically becomes Commander-in-Chief. As to cabinet departments, these are almost always led by individuals appointed by the President during his (...

Eurasian Badger Facts

Eurasian Badger Facts The Eurasian badger or European badger (Meles meles) is a social, omnivorous mammal that resides in woodlands, pastures, suburbs, and urban parks throughout most of Europe and Asia. In Europe, the badgers are also known by several common names including brock, pate, grey, and bawson. Fast Facts: Eurasian Badger Scientific Name: Meles melesCommon Name(s): Eurasian badger, European badger, Asian badger. In Europe: brock, pate, grey, and bawsonBasic Animal Group: Mammal  Ã‚  Size: 22–35 inches longWeight: Females weigh between 14.5–30 pounds, males are 20–36 poundsLifespan: 6 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Europe and AsiaPopulation: Worldwide unknown; range size variesConservation Status: Least Concern; considered Endangered in Albania Description Eurasian badgers are powerfully built mammals that have a short, fat body and short, sturdy legs well suited for digging. The bottoms of their feet are naked and they have strong claws that are elongated with a sharp end honed for excavation. They have small eyes, small ears, and a long head. Their skulls are heavy and elongated and they have oval braincases. Their fur is grayish and they have black faces with white stripes on the top and sides of their face and neck. Badgers range in body length from about 22–35 inches, with a tail extending another 4.5 to 20 inches. Females weigh between 14.5–30 pounds, while males weigh from 20–36 pounds. DamianKuzdak/Getty Images Species Once thought to be a single species, some researchers split them into subspecies which are similar in appearance and behavior but have different ranges. Common badger (Meles meles meles)Cretan badger (Meles meles arcalus)Trans Caucasian badger (Meles meles canascens)Kizlyar badger (Meles meles heptneri)Iberian badger (Meles meles marianensis)Norwegian badger (Meles meles milleri)Rhodes badger (Meles meles rhodius)Fergana badger (Meles meles severzovi) Habitat European badgers are found throughout the British Isles, Europe, and Scandinavia. Their range extends westward to the Volga River. West of the Volga River, Asian badgers are common. They are most often studied as a group and referred to in the scholarly press simply as Eurasian badgers. Eurasian badgers prefer deciduous woods with clearings or open pastureland with small patches of wood. They are also found in a wide variety of temperate ecosystems, mixed and coniferous woodlands, scrub, suburban areas, and urban parks. Subspecies are found in mountains, plains, and even semi-deserts. Territory ranges vary depending on food availability and so reliable population estimates are not currently available. Diet Eurasian badgers are omnivores. They are opportunistic foragers that consume fruit, nuts, bulbs, tubers, acorns and cereal crops, as well as invertebrates such as earthworms, insects, snails, and slugs. They also eat small mammals such as rats, voles, shrews, moles, mice, and rabbits. When available, they will also feed on small reptiles and amphibians such as frogs, snakes, newts, and lizards. The badgers forage alone even when involved in a social group: Eurasian badgers live in territorial, mixed-sex social colonies each sharing a communal burrow. The animals are nocturnal and spend much of the daylight hours hidden away in their setts. Behavior Eurasian badgers are social animals that live in colonies of six to 20 individuals made up of multiple males, breeding and non-breeding females, and cubs. The groups create and reside in a network of underground tunnels known as a sett or den. Some setts are large enough to house more than a dozen badgers and can have tunnels that are as much as 1,000 feet long with numerous openings to the surface. Badgers excavate their setts in well-drained soils that are easy to dig in. The tunnels are 2–6 feet beneath the surface of the ground and the badgers often construct large chambers where they sleep or care for their young. When digging tunnels, badgers create large mounds outside the entryway. By placing entrances on slopes, the badgers can push the debris down the hill and away from the opening. They do the same when cleaning out their sett, pushing bedding material and other waste out and away from the opening. Groups of badgers are known as colonies and each colony may construct and use several different setts throughout their territory. The setts they use depend on the distribution of food resources within their territory as well as whether or not it is breeding season and young are to be raised in the sett. Setts or sections of setts not used by badgers are sometimes occupied by other animals such as foxes or rabbits. Like bears, badgers experience winter sleep during which time they become less active but their body temperature does not drop as it does in full hibernation. In late summer, badgers begin to gain the weight they will need to power themselves through their winter sleep period. Reproduction Eurasian badgers are polygynous, meaning males mate with multiple females but females only mate with one male. Within social groups, however, only the dominant male and female mate. Dominant females are known to kill cubs from non-dominant females in the social group. Badgers can mate year round, but most commonly in late winter through early spring and late summer through early fall. At times, males expand their territories to cross-breed with extra-group females. Gestation lasts between 9 and 21 months and litters produce 1–6 cubs at a time; females are fertile during pregnancy so multiple paternity births are common. Cubs first emerge from their dens after eight to 10 weeks and are weaned by the age of 2.5 months. They are sexually mature at about a year old, and their lifespans are typically six years, although the oldest known wild badger lived to 14. TonyBaggett/Getty Images Threats European badgers do not have many predators or natural enemies. In some parts of their range, wolves, dogs, and lynxes pose a threat. In some areas, Eurasian badgers live side-by-side other predators such as foxes without conflict. The IUCN Red List comments that since Eurasian badgers occur in many protected areas and there are high densities found in anthropogenic habitats in large parts of its range, the Eurasian badger is highly unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing even as Near Threatened. They are targeted for hunting for food or persecuted as a pest, and in some urban and suburban areas, the population has decreased. Although estimates are unreliable, researchers believe the overall population has been increasing throughout their range since the 1980s. During the mid-1990s, the Badgers were classed Lower Risk/least concern (LR/LC) because of elevated occurrence of rabies and tuberculosis, although those diseases have since decreased substantially. Sources Carpenter, Petra J., et al. Mating System of the Eurasian Badger. Molecular Ecology 14.1 (2005): 273-84. Print.,Meles Meles, in a High Density Populationda Silva, Jack, David W. MacDonald, and Peter G. H. Evans. Net Costs of Group Living in a Solitary Forager, the Eurasian Badger (Meles meles). Behavioral Ecology 5.2 (1994): 151-58. Print.Frantz, A. C., et al. Reliable Microsatellite Genotyping of the Eurasian Badger (Meles Meles) Using Faecal DNA. Molecular Ecology 12.6 (2003): 1649-61. Print.Frantz, Alain C., et al. Estimating Population Size by Genotyping Remotely Plucked Hair: The Eurasian Badger. Journal of Applied Ecology 41.5 (2004): 985-95. Print.Kranz, A., A.V. Abramov, J. Herrero, and T. Maran. Meles meles. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.T29673A45203002, 2016.  Wang, A. Eurasian badgers (Meles meles). Animal Diversity, 2011.

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Leadership - Research Paper Example The approach did not go well as his boss discouraged the idea claiming that the company dealt with the production of UV lamps. The boss claimed that the 3D printers were replicators of â€Å"Star Trek† which the company could not spend on. Chuck hull however did not give up and kept on insisting to the boss that he be given the permission to make the machine. Eventually, they both reached a compromise, which stated that Chuck would concentrate in the making of the company’s lamps during daytime while at night concentrate on making his 3D printer(Lipson, et al 49). The UV lights manufactured at the company mainly influenced the idea of the 3D machine. Factories would use the lamps to harden plastic veneers onto rubber tiles or tabletops. With this in mind, Hull discovered that the UV light could be used to engrave plastic layers. The plastic layer’s etching would be into whatever shape he deemed attractive. The layers would be stalked forming a 3D object. At the initial stages however, he wrote codes that guided the machines on cutting the layers (Lipson, et al 65). Chuck Hull’s success was not mainly because of his invention but also due to the leadership styles and qualities he possessed and practiced. Both internal and external drivers influenced his leadership qualities and styles. One external driver is the situational interaction that came about while talking to his boss. The two were close as they worked in the same company and this gave him the opportunity of telling and convincing his boss about the idea. Had he not been in a situation where he would convince the boss about the 3D printer, he would never have gotten the chance to use the company’s resources to come up with the printer. Another external driver is the function role (Sadler & Philip 76). He used to work in a UV lamps manufacturing company and this made him to realize that the UV

How has the study of media and communications developed over the last Essay - 2

How has the study of media and communications developed over the last century - Essay Example According Elisa et al (1), many disciplines have contributed to the study and development of media and communications as well. The first work to be discussed is that done by Karl Marx. His influences on this discipline were less assertive. Notwithstanding, the works were very important and well known in the analysis of media and communication (Atton 51). The theory of Marx is inclined to give a strong emphasis on how media and communication leads to situations of status quo among individuals (Elisa et al 1). This is opposed to many scholars who say that media’s role in the society is to encourage people communicating freely. The fundamental characteristic of the Marxist theory is his point of view on â€Å"materialism†, where Marx insists that social being is a great determinant of individual’s awareness. According to his opinion, ideological perspectives of others are not correct on their claim that the social status of individuals determines directly their consciousness and awareness. The researchers view ideology as power of specific system to denote its own meanings as experienced (Ivan 78). Marx’s position on ideology is that the media offers a great persuasion on the people of different groups to embrace capitalism as a natural aspect to them. Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of Marxism in 1920s and brought in a new idea of hegemony. Hegemony is a scenario where power relationship is received and regarded natural or seen as a common sense. Hegemony for example would include lifestyle programs that cover a range of areas of domestic life as well as personal lives of individuals. This could further include programs like childrearing, dog training, clothing, cooking, among others (Emke 57). Chomsky and Herman found out that media has a way of manipulating populations such that they are prevented from being rebellious. They did achieve this by manufacturing consents and controlling the audiences’

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islam - Essay Example Islam is not just a religion; in fact, it is a complete way of life which teaches Muslims peace, mercy and forgiveness (Mawdudi 1975). Islam is a relatively new religion as compared to the other religions of the world. Muslims believe that the Holy Prophet was the last prophet and there were many before him starting from Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and many more. The Holy Prophet was born in Makah and became the prophet at the age of 40. He was a pious man who had to face many persecutions in order to propagate the word of god. He faced persecutions because Islam taught equality amongst all and people of Makah were not willing to accept that. During his life, he propagated Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. He led his life by example. Today’s Muslims try to follow the footsteps of the Holy Prophet, which is called the Sunnah. They try to live their lives like him in order succeed in the world hereafter. Hadith, the sayings of the Holy Prophet, also provid e Muslims with guidance for how to go about different endeavors. Religions are dogmatic in nature and Islam provides a complete guideline for how to go about our lives in the form of the Holy Quran, Sunnah and Hadith (Understanding Islam and Muslims, 2012). Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the word of the Almighty Allah himself. ... plete code of life as instructed by Allah and serves as an authentic guideline to Muslims when in need of guidance for economic system, justice system, and proper human conduct; therefore, Muslims hold the Holy Quran in the highest regard. Since its very beginning, Islam was at the gateways of European countries. Merely 12 decades after the fatalities of the prophet Muhammad, Muslims spread out in Armenia, Atlanta, Georgia, Dagestan and elsewhere, such as places of the Byzantine Kingdom. 12 decades later, they were in the eastern places of this particular language (Arabic) and in almost all the places of the Mediterranean Sea from the region of the island of Malta to Sicily, Majorca and Rhodes. Extensive places in South Eastern European countries came under Islamic concept for over 500 decades, finishing only at the starting of the twentieth century (Europe and Islam: Shared History, Shared Identity, 2006). According to history, Muslim scholars have contributions in fields of psychol ogy, philosophy, ethics, education, mathematics, chemistry and humanities. ‘Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) is a renowned scholar in the history of Islam. He made great contributions in the field of medicine and was a known philosopher. His contribution is of a great value to the people of the religion and is compared to that of another scholar named Ibn Sina. Al- Razi was known to have written many books in the field of medicine which included  Kitab al- Mansoori,  Ã‚  Kitab al-Mulooki  and others.   Kitab al-Mansoori was a book which was translated in Latin and mostly revolved around the subject of Greco- Arab medicine. (Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi, 2012). Another famous scholar known as Ibn Sina was born in 980 A.D. He was also known to be a great scholar for the

Fair Trade Movement

Fair Trade Movement The Aims and the Effects of the Fair-Trade Movement â€Å"What aims and purposes motivate the fair-trade movement? To what extent do you think that the methods adopted by fair-trade organizations achieve those aims?† Introduction In 2006, Fair trade certified sales amounted to approximately $2.3 billion worldwide, a 41% year-to-year increase. And fair-trade products generally account for 0.5-5% of all sales in their product categories in Europe and North America. In October 2006, over 1.5 million disadvantaged and marginalised producers worldwide were directly benefiting from fair-trade while an additional 5 million benefited from fair-trade funded infrastructure and community development projects. It seems fair-trade becomes more and more important in the social life. So it is better to understand what is fair-trade. 2. Definition of fair-trade In 2001, a common definition of fair-trade was developed by FINE, an informal association of four international fair-trade networks (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, International Fair Trade Association, Network of European Worldshops and European Fair Trade Association): Fair trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, which seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers especially in the South. Fair trade organizations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade. The fair-trade movement advocates the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods. It focuses in particular on export goods from developing countries to developed countries, most notably handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, tea, and some other products in agriculture. 3. Motivation of the fair-trade movement In this section, we will try to answer the first question: What aims and purposes motivate the fair-trade movement? We can find the answer to this question on the website of FLOI (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International), the aims and purposes of the fair-trade movement, or called fair-trades strategic intent is: â€Å"deliberately to work with marginalised producers and workers in order to help them move from a position of vulnerability to security and economic self-sufficiency. to empower producers and workers as stakeholders in their own organizations. to actively play a wider role in the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade.† The first aim is about marginalised producers and workers. They are the object and reason of the movement. Normally, they are easily hurt economically and treated by unequal conditions. And the fair-trade movement deliberately tries to protect those producers and workers. The second aim pays attention on the role of producers and workers in their own organizations. Normally, those marginalised producers and workers do not have enough power in their own organizations to protect themselves. But the Fair Trade movement aims to strive for more power for them in their own organizations. The third aim focus on the equity in international trade environment. It is important to create the opportunities and equity conditions for those marginalised producers and workers in domestic environment. But at the same time, we also need to take account into the international situation. And the fair-trade movement tries to reduce the gaps in different industries in different countries. IFAT (International Fair Trade Association) prescribes 10 standards that fair-trade organizations must follow in their day-to-day work and carries out continuous monitoring to ensure these standards are following: Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers Transparency and accountability Capacity building Promoting Fair Trade Payment of a fair price Gender Equity Working conditions Child Labour The environment Trade Relations I think these can be seen as a very good addition and explanation to the three main purposes of the fair-trade organizations. Those standards tell us how we can identify the aims of the fair-trade movement in practice. One can visit the website of IFAT for details. 4. Effects of the fair-trade movement Now, we should consider the second question in this section: To what extent do you think that the methods adopted by fair-trade organizations achieve those aims? 4.1 The methods To answer the question, we need to know which methods are adopted by fair-trade organizations. In nowadays, the main method adopted by fair-trade organizations is Fairtrade labelling. Although Solidarity trade occurs in 1960s, but the sales of fair trade products only really took off with the arrival of the first Fairtrade labelling initiatives. In 1988, the first Fairtrade labelling initiative, Max Havelaar, was created in the Netherlands The independent certification allowed the goods to be sold in the mainstream stores, reaching a larger consumer segment and boosting fair trade sales significantly. The labeling initiative also allowed customers and distributors alike to track the origin of the goods to confirm that the products were really benefiting the producers at the end of the supply chain. In 1997, Fairtrade Labelling Organizations (FLO) International was created, an umbrella organization whose mission is to set the Fairtrade Standards, support, inspect and certify disadvantaged producers and harmonize the fair-trade message across the movement. At present, over 20 Labelling Initiatives  are members of FLO International. Before my own comments of the question, I would like to introduce some popular argument of the fair-trade movement. It will be good if we can learn others opinion firstly. 4.2 The debate Fair-trades increasing popularity has drawn criticism from both the leftist who flavor fair-trade very much, and the rightist who against fair-trade. These arguments can be divided into three different categories: The price distortion argument, advocated by the Adam Smith Institute, and The Economist magazine calling fair-trade a misguided attempt to make up for market failures encouraging market inefficiencies and overproduction. They believe that this kind of artificial intervention of market price is easy to mislead and cause market failure. This is the opinion of rightist who oppose fair-trade. The creation of insider/outsider markets argument is defended by the Booth and Whetstone. They do not explicitly criticize the ideals behind Fair Trade, but rather current certification, production and pricing systems. They just try to improve the effects of the movement by adjusting current method mildly. The mainstreaming argument is defended by French author Christian Jacquiau, which criticizes segments of the fair-trade movement for working within the current system, rather than establishing a new fairer, fully autonomous trading system. It is a very extreme suggestion from the leftists. One can read their articles for detailed discussion. But we can see lots of different points of view, by considering the different aspects of the Fair Trade movement and its main method, Fairtrade labelling. Now the question is, does Fairtrade labelling help the movement to achieve the aims? I think the answer is yes. 4.3 The effect By using Fairtrade labelling system, those marginalised producers and workers can gain more power in their own organizations and achieve greater equity in international trade, so to help them move from a position of vulnerability to security and economic self-sufficiency. They really benefit from this movement, no matter more or less. As the mild people said, we can redesign the current certification, production and pricing systems to make it more efficient to help the marginalised producers and workers. Or as the leftist suggest, we can adopt a complete new trading system. Maybe this extreme suggestion is best for those producers and workers in developing countries. So we can say that the Fairtrade labelling system help fair-trade organizations achieve their aims. And we still have some methods to make the whole system more efficient. But, on the other hand, we should notice that current Fairtrade labelling system, or the advices of system changing and creation, are harmful to the market. On the point view of economics, the more often fair-trade organizations disrupt the goods market, the more possible market failures occurs. So market failure may be the price of Fair Trade movement, and we know that is bad for the whole society. Other people in economy may be worse off because of this fair-trade movement, which is also unfair to them. 5. Conclusion As a conclusion, I should say that the three main aims of the fair-trade movement are found. And Fairtrade labelling system, as the main method adopted by fair-trade organizations, is helpful to achieve those aims. But we should be careful about those misleading effects on market and other people in economy. References

How Shakespeare Makes Othello 3.3.435 - 480 Significant :: William Shakespeare

Shakespeare makes this scene significant and dramatically effective through dramatic irony and by using two very different, charismatic figures. In this extract, Othello has a dramatic change of character. No longer serene, he is cast into a state of madness and confusion. He is tormented by jealousy and disbelief. He feels betrayed. However, he is not yet convinced of his wife’s treachery. He looks at her and cannot believe that she might commit such a crime. As she enters, he says, ‘If she be false, then heaven mocks itself, I’ll not believe it.’ Later, provoked by Iago’s words, he proclaims, ‘I’ll tear her all to pieces.’ As Iago shows him ‘damning evidence’ of Desdemona’s adultery, Othello cannot help but believe him. Why would his trusted subordinate lie? It is interesting to note that, although Othello demands ‘ocular proof’ that Desdemona is false, Iago does not provide it, merely telling him how he saw Cassio wiping his beard on her handkerchief. Othello grows increasingly violent and aggressive. His well cultured European manner deteriorates rapidly. His speech is filled with abuse and curses. In many theatrical productions, Othello is seen to become much more of the Moor that he is stereotyped to be. He wears African style garments and is seen to become less Christian. Perhaps Shakespeare is insinuating that Othello has lost hope in Christianity, feels betrayed by the Europeans whose taunts he so long withstood, and feels the need to become exactly that which he was accused of being. There is huge dramatic irony through out the scene. The audience sees Othello falling through the trap laid out for him, but can only watch. It is very frustrating. The more Iago deceives him, the more Othello lays his trust on him. He addresses him as ‘faithful Iago.’ The seen is ended by Iago’s words, ‘I am your own forever.’ This is deeply ironic, as he is no longer really inferior to Othello. As Othello goes mad, the hierarchy reverses. Iago is the one holding all the strings, manipulating him like a puppet. Othello, blind to the deception, effectively lays himself at Iago’s feet and at his discretion. Iago’s reaction is of great importance. The audience cannot see his true thoughts, but only the mask that he uses on the outside. One can guess that he would feel a certain degree of smugness at his success. However, he may too, like Othello, be experiencing inner turmoil. It is possible that he feels guilt and regret for his actions.